STATE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS
AND SOME MEASURES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY PROMOTION IN VIETNAM
Phung
Chi Sy, Nguyen Thien Phuong, Chu Thi Sang
Contents
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
AN OVERVIEW ON ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS IN
VIETNAM
2.1.
Environmental technology applications in urban areas
2.2.
Environmental technology application in the industrial
parks
2.3.
Environmental Technology Application in the independent large-scale
enterprises located outside industrial parks
2.4.
Environmental Technology Applications in the Small-
and Medium-scale Enterprises
2.5.
Environmental Technology Applications in Hospitals and
Health Care Centers
2.6.
Environmental Technology Applications in the Craft
Villages
2.7.
Environmental Technology Applications in Rural Areas
2.8.
Environmental Technology Application in Ports and
Harbors and Oil Exploitation Platform
3.
SOME MEASURES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY PROMOTION IN
VIETNAM
3.1. Legal
Framework Development for Environmental Technology Promotion
3.2.
Strengthening of state environmental management capacity
3.3.
Strengthening of environmental education and awareness
3.4.
Strengthening and diversification of environmental technology
investment
3.5.
Strengthening of environmental science research and technological
development
3.6.
Expansion of international cooperation and attraction of foreign
financial assistance
4.
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
1.
INTRODUCTION
Environmental
technology is a product or process applied for minimization,
prevention, reduction or control of negative impacts caused by human
activities on the environment. Environmental technology includes
more effective production processes with less waste discharge and
less raw material consumption. Environmental technology includes
also the measures for cleaning the existing facilities or safety
disposal or reuse of wastes .
Environmental
technology is integration of physical, chemical, biological measures
for prevention and control of wastes originated from production
processes and domestic activities. Environmental technology includes
the principal knowledge, technical procedures and equipment for
realization of the principles and procedures.
According
to the mentioned above definition, "the environmental
technology" includes "the cleaner production" and
"end-pipe waste treatment".
In
many developed and developing countries, environmental technology
becomes important economic branch, where there are many stable and
effectives applications of environmental technology for pollution
prevention and control. The environmental technology is being
transferred successfully by many foreign companies into Vietnam.
After 17
years "DOI MOI" (Innovation) (1986-2003), economics of
Vietnam have achieved the remarkable results with high and stable
growth rate. Besides the socio-economic benefits the economic
development causes the higher pressure on the environment if there
is not more effective environmental technology undertaken.
Therefore, environmental technology promotion is considered one of
priority issues in the national environmental protection strategy.
2.
AN OVERVIEW ON ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS IN
VIETNAM
2.1.
Environmental technology applications in urban areas
At the
present, there are 656 towns in Vietnam, including 5 state-owned
cities, 81 province’s capitals and over 570 district’s towns
with total population of 20.0 millions (equivalent to 25 % of total
population). The number of towns will be increased to 1,266 with
total population of 30.4 millions (equivalent to 33%) by the year of
2010, that will be 1,953 with total population of 46.0 millions
(equivalent to 45%) by the year of 2020. The rapid
urbanization will increase the waste loads, including motor
vehicle air emissions, domestic waste waters and solid wastes.
The
number of motor vehicles in Vietnam is estimated 600,430 automobiles
and 10,410,000 motorbikes by June, 2003. The air pollution caused by
dust and noise in almost towns is urgent issues. The main reasons
are rapid increase of motor vehicle number, that is 35.5% for
automobiles and 61.5% for motorbikes during two years (2000-2001) in
Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City; weak quality of roads and high ratio of
old motor vehicles (73% of motor vehicles with 10-20 year life
cycle).
Besides the
management measures, improvement of road quality, use of public
transportation means, substitution of leaded gasoline by unleaded
one etc. at the present there are some applied research projects
related to motor vehicle air emission pollution reduction, including
use of LPG for cars and motorbikes;
catalytic converter of carbon monoxide on the base of Cu, Co,
Ni, La fixed on aluminum oxides and bentonite;
monolith- autocatalyst for conversion of carbon monoxide and
volatile organic compounds (VOC). Besides that, in the past, there
were some foreign companies to introduce some types of catalytic
converters for reduction of motor vehicle air emissions. However,
there was no technology applied in the practice.
The
collection and treatment of municipal waste waters are not
implemented in all towns of Vietnam.
In the biggest cities (i.e. Ho Chi Minh, Hanoi and Danang
cities), some projects related to canal cleaning, removal of slums,
embankment, improvement of drainage systems are being implemented.
However, so far there is not any urban central waste water treatment
operating in Vietnam.
According to
the Decision No 199/TTg issued by the Prime Minister on 3 April 1997
on implementation of the urgent measures for management of wastes
originated from towns and industrial parks, at the present, there
are 32 towns having the plans for construction of sanitary solid
waste dumping areas, among those there are 13 towns being
constructed. The technologies applied for domestic solid waste
disposal in Vietnam are sanitary dumping, composting. Other related
measures are odor pollution control by using effective microbes (EM),
physico-chemical and biological treatment of leakage waste water
from the dumping areas.
2.2.
Environmental technology application in the industrial
parks
In the recent
year, the number of industrial parks and export processing zones is
increased very rapidly. Now there are 76 industrial parks and export
processing zones with total area of 15,216 ha established in
Vietnam.
Some
industrial parks and export processing zones (about 25-30%) have
been installed the central waste water treatment plants. The applied
technology is combination of physical, chemical and biological
treatment.
So far the
industrial solid waste and hazardous waste from all industrial parks
are not properly disposed. The first industrial waste disposal
complex with total area of 100 ha located in Dong Nai province is
being designed and constructed by Bien Hoa Industrial Park
Development Company (SONADEZI) for disposal of industrial
wastes collected from Dong Nai province.
The main components of the complex are sanitary dumping;
treatment of leakage waste water treatment by using physico-chemical
method; incineration of combustible hazardous waste
by using two chamber incineration equipped with air emission
control facilities. Other waste disposal complex with total area of
2,000 ha is being planned for both domestic and industrial waste
disposal.
2.3.
Environmental Technology Application in the independent large-scale
enterprises located outside industrial parks
(1).
Cleaner production (CP)
In the recent
years, cleaner production is getting more and more interest from the
environmental managers and producers as an effective tool for
pollution reduction in Vietnam. The related activities are as
follows :
In framework
of UNIDO-SECO Project (US/VIE/96/023), from the year of 1998 the
Vietnam Cleaner Production Center have been established. The project
is being implemented through two phases. The first phase was
prolonged from 1999 to 2000; the second phase is being lasted from
2001 to 2004. Besides the activities related to education, training
and rising awareness, the cleaner production demonstration have
being implemented at 30 enterprises, including textile, paper, food
processing, metal's processing etc. in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh city and
some other provinces.
Many other
enterprises are being implemented the cleaner production measures in
framework of some projects, including UNIDO/SIDA project on
"Industrial Pollution Reduction-Cleaner Production"; UNDP
project on industrial pollution reduction (VIE/95/019 and
VIE/95/053); Vietnam-Canada Environmental Project (VCEP) (Phase 2)
as well as projects funded by the central and local governments.
In September
1999, Vietnam Government had signed the International Declaration on
Cleaner Protection. After that, the
National Action Plan of Cleaner Production was drafted and
approved by the former Ministry of Science Technology and
Environment on 06 May 2002.
(2).
Air emission control technology
The
industrial air emissions in Vietnam are mainly emitted from
thermopower, cement, fertilizer and chemical plants. In the recent
years, there are many enterprises to apply the air pollution control
facilities, including bag filters for steel, cement and tobacco
plants; wet scrubbers for superphosphate, acid sulfuric plants;
charcoal adsorption for pesticide bottling etc.
In the fact,
the operation efficiencies of the applied air pollution control
facilities are not high because of weak enforcement, low awareness
of enterprise's owners.
(3).
Waste water treatment technology
The
industrial waste waters in Vietnam are mainly discharged from food
processing, textile and dying, paper mills, latex processing and
electroplating plants. The activated sludge technologies are mostly
applied for beverage, milk production factories. The biological
ponds are commonly used for tapioca, sugar cane and latex factories.
The physico-chemical methods in combination with biological ponds
are usually used for dyeing, paper mills, electroplating factories.
In the fact,
except the foreign investment enterprises, the waste water treatment
facilities in the local enterprises are not effectively operated
because of weak enforcement and low awareness of enterprise's
owners.
(4).
Industrial Solid and Hazardous Waste Disposal
Industrial
solid and hazardous wastes are mainly originated from electronic,
chemical, pesticide, accumulate and oil exploitation enterprises. In
the recent years, there are some small-scale incinerators with
capacity of 1.0 to 5.0
tons/day installed for solid waste disposal, including oily waste
from oil tank cleaning services, pesticide wastes etc.
2.4.
Environmental Technology Applications in the Small-
and Medium-scale Enterprises
As
mentioned in the Provisional Regulation on the criteria for
determination of SME issued by the Vietnam Government on June 20,
1998 the SMEs are those with registration investment of 5 billions
of VND (equivalent to 300,000 USD) and average number of
labors of 200.
As
the statistic data on June 30, 2000, there are 562,357 industrial
enterprises in Vietnam, including 569 national state enterprises,
1,250 local state, 559,706 non-governmental and 830 foreign
investment ones. Amongst those there is above 98%
private small- and medium enterprises. The general features
of the kind of enterprises are to distribute in the urban, rural
residential areas or to concentrate in the trade traditional
villages with handicraft or semi-handicraft technology; backward
equipment; narrow
area, low investment. Therefore, many small-scale enterprises such
as brick furnaces, ceramics, tapioca starch, fish processing, sauces
etc cause the environmental pollution to the surrounding residential
areas.
At
the present, there are some environmental technological models
applied for SMEs in Vietnam, including
-
Anaerobic biological technology such as septic or biogas tanks made
from the recycled plastics or rubbers in Vietnam.
-
Anaerobic/aerobic combined technology transferred by URBAN WING
Inc., NISHIHARA NEO and JAVITACHS Co., Ltd. (Japan) to Vietnam
through the Center for Environmental Technology for Urban and
Industrial Areas (CETTIA) within Institute of Construction.
-
Aerobic biological technology transferred by RedFox Environmental
Services, Inc (USA) to Vietnam.
-
Physico -Chemical Technology transferred by Institute of Chemical
Technology within the State Center for Natural Science and
Technology (Vietnam) to some slaughterhouses.
-
Odor pollution control using ozone generators made in Vietnam and
imported from USA.
-
Odor pollution control using effective microorganisms (E.M)
transferred by some Japanese Companies to Vietnam.
The
Institute for Tropical Technology and Environmental Protection (VITTEP)
in cooperation with Center of Environmental Technology of Da Nang
City (DENTEC), Center for Environmental Technology and Management (CENTEMA),
Environmental Technology Center (ENTEC) have designed and install
six pollution control facilities for some SMEs such as tapioca
starch, fish processing and animal fat production, including waste
water, solid waste treatment and odor pollution control. The
technological models can be used for other food processing and
beverage SMEs.
2.5.
Environmental Technology Applications in Hospitals and
Health Care Centers
At the
present, there are about 12,600 hospitals and health care centers in
Vietnam with total bed's number of about 173,000, including 815
national and provincial hospitals. The wastes discharged from the
hospitals and health care centers are not well managed, those cause
serious impacts on the environment. In the past years, there are some companies in Vietnam to
design, manufacture and install the medical waste incinerators and
waste water treatment facilities for some hospitals. Besides those,
the Ministry of Health had imported 25 small-scale incinerators from
Austria to provide the central hospitals. Ho Chi Minh City People
Committee had imported one incinerator with capacity of 7.0 tons/day
from Austria for disposal of medical wastes for whole city.
2.6.
Environmental Technology Applications in the Craft
Villages
At the present, there are about 2,971
craft villages in Vietnam, including rush, lacquer, bamboo and
rattan, ceramics, embroidery, woven fabrics, wood carving, paper,
wood printing, metal works and others.
Some
environmental technology applications are as follows :
-
Substitution of coal, woods in ceramic kilns by LPG.
-
Use of biogas tanks for digestion of waste waters discharging
from alcohol, tapioca craft villages.
-
Use of physico-chemical treatment facilities for the textile
and dyeing craft villages.
2.7.
Environmental Technology Applications in Rural Areas
Vietnam
is a country with about 75% of population living in rural areas by
agriculture production. At the present, there are more than 100,000
big farms in Vietnam. The processing industries in the areas are
concentrated on agricultural product's processing (i.e. rice
milling, surge cane, coffee, cashew nuts, maize, beans, peanuts,
coconuts etc.) and forestry product's processing (i.e. wood, bamboo
etc.). Every year, there are millions tons of agricultural wastes
generated in the rural areas.
In
the past years, there are some applications related to reuse and
recycle of agricultural wastes, including :
-
Reuse of agricultural wastes for culture of mushroom.
- Use of rice
husk, bagasse, coconut fibre, wood shavings, cashew nut cover etc.
for production of pressed boards.
-
Fermentation of straw, bagasse to produce the animal food.
-
Use of bagasse sludge to produce compost.
-
Use of biogas tanks for digestion of animal's manure.
-
Use of shrimp's shell for production of kitin glue.
2.8.
Environmental Technology Application in Ports and
Harbors and Oil Exploitation Platform
At the
present, there are hundreds ports and harbors in Vietnam. Besides
those, there some offshore oil exploitation platforms. The potential
pollution sources at the areas are oil spills. From 1994 to 1998,
there were 34 oil spills amounting to 4,000 tons of spilled oil. The
demands for environmental technology application are very big.
However, in the fact, there are very little pollution control
facilities installed at the areas. Some applications are as follows
:
-
Installation of oil separators .
- Use of oil
adsorbent, oil dispersant .
-
Use of oil spill response equipment (i.e. boom, skimmer etc.) .
-
Use of microbiological additives for oil cleaning at some ports and
harbors.
3.
SOME MEASURES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY PROMOTION IN
VIETNAM
3.1. Legal
Framework Development for Environmental Technology Promotion
Since the early 1990s important progress has been
made in environmental analysis, planning, legislation, and capacity
building of individuals and departments in the government at several
levels. Vietnam's Law on Environmental Protection was adopted by the
National Assembly on 27 December 1993 and came into effect on 10
January 1994.
Vietnam has also developed a National Strategy for
Environmental Protection for the period 2001-2010. The main
challenges that are addressed include: (a) increasing pressures on
natural resource use and exploitation; (b) adverse environmental
effects of accelerated industrialisation; (c) limited popular
awareness of environment and sustainable development; and (d)
limited environmental management capacities.
The highest priority programmes articulated in this
strategy include to: (1) deal with the chemical aftermath of the
war; (2) deal with ‘hotspots’, i.e. contaminating ‘old’
industries; (3) deal with hospital hazardous waste; (4) deal with
city sewerage; (5) increase effectiveness of the legal system; (6)
research and apply economic instruments for environmental
management; and (7) increase environmental management capacities at
all levels.
Over the past 10-15 years Vietnam adopted a number
of laws, including Maritime Code (1990); Law on Forest Protection
and development (1991) ;Law on Land and Territory (1993; amended
2001); Law on Environmental Protection (1993); Petroleum Law (1993;
amended 1998); Law on Mineral Resources (1996); Law on Water
Resources (1998).
Vietnam is also a signatory to many multilateral
environmental agreements.
The Civil Code (1995) and Penal Code (1999) include
articles on environmental protection, and highlight some sanctions.
These laws were all followed by a range of Decrees, Decisions and
Circulars that give more details and provide guidance for
implementation. Important amongst those is a recent Decision Nr
64/2003/QĐ-TTg by the Prime Minister, with a detailed plan for
dealing with 388 highly polluting industries across Vietnam that
needs to be completed by the end of 2007. Other important legal
document is the Government Decision No 67/2003/ND-CP issued on June
13, 2003 on charge of fees for waste water discharge, which is valid
from January 01, 2004.
A system of environmental standards for air,
surface and ground water quality has been established. Also,
standards for certain discharges and emissions have been introduced.
Regulations for the use of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA)
have been issued.
3.2.
Strengthening of state environmental management capacity
Government Decree 91/2002/ND-CP specifies the
functions, responsibilities, authorities and the organisational
structure of the new Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment,
(MONRE). MONRE exercises the state function of management over the
land, water resources, minerals, environment, meteorology, hydro
geography, surveying or monitoring and mapping of national scope. It
has the governance over the public services and acts as the owner of
state capital in enterprises using state budgets relating to natural
resources of land, water, minerals, environment, meteorology, hydro
geography, surveying or monitoring and mapping specified by laws.
MONREs core departments regarding environment are
Department of Environment (DOE),
Department of Environment Impact Assessment and Appraisal (DEIAA).
Vietnam Environmental Protection
Agency (VEPA).
Vietnam Environmental Protection Agency (VEPA)
supports MONREs leadership to implement the state environmental
management activities in terms of environmental inspectorate and
supervision, pollution prevention, environmental quality
improvement, natural conservation, environmental technology
promotion and public awareness enhancement.
All ministries are to
collaborate with MONRE to carry out environmental management
activities within their sector. There are other line ministries and
central agencies dealing with natural resources and environment
including Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of
Construction, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Fisheries etc.
At provincial level the
People’s Committees (PC) exercise the state management function
for environmental management in the province, and the Departments of
Natural Resources and Environment (DONREs) are under the
administrative authority of their respective PC, while MONRE/VEPA
provides professional guidance regarding environmental protection
and pollution prevention and control to the DONREs. The state
management organizations on environmental protection at district and
ward/commune level are being considered to establish in all
provinces/cities.
Strengthening
of the state environmental management capacity includes human
resources as well as improvement of technical and physical resources
at both central and local levels.
3.3.
Strengthening of environmental education and awareness
One
of the measures for environmental technology promotion is rising
environmental education and awareness amongst the communities,
enterprises, decision makers and managers at all levels.
Environmental
awareness is outreached to all stakeholders through legal and
environmental information propagation on mass media, including
newspapers, radio and television and training courses.
Environmental
protection is being "socialized" through various
campaigns such as "Green-Clean –Beautiful",
"Garden-Fishpond-Pen",
"Garden-Fishpond-Pen-Forest", "Week of Clean Water
Supply and Environmental Sanitation" etc.
3.4.
Strengthening and diversification of environmental technology
investment
In
the past 10 years, the Government have spent over 2,000 billions of
VND for environmental protection (equivalent to 0.25% GDP per year).
The investment for environmental protection will be increased to 1%
GDP/year by 2005 and 2% GDP/year by 2010.
Investment
in environmental protection is being socialized on the
"polluters pay principle". Investment is being diversified
in terms of forms and sources with a view to mobilizing all
available resources in the society for the environmental protection.
Environmental protection funds
have been established, those are being mobilized from the state
budget and contributions from enterprises, domestic donors as well
as foreign donors.
The environmental protection
funds will be used to provide financial supports for pollution
control and prevention, remediation of environmental degradation and
accidents and other environmental improvement projects.
3.5.
Strengthening of environmental science research and technological
development
In
the period (1976-2005), there were being implemented six 5-year
national research programs on environmental protection funded by the
Government. Many research projects on environmental technology have
been completed, those provided more optimal solutions to
environmental protection and environmental management,
policy-making, and introduction of advanced environmental
technologies to solve pollution and degradation issues.
At
the provincial level, many research projects on environmental
technology have been implemented. The
experience that have been got from the implementation of pollution
control program in Ho Chi Minh City can be used in whole country.
The program have been established and being implemented through the
following steps:
(1).
Preparation and publication of manuals on pollution control measures
Volume
1 : General Problems
Volume
2 : Boiler’s Air Emission Control
Volume
3 : Pollution Control for the Tannery Enterprises
Volume
4 : Pollution Control for the Textile and Dyeing Enterprises
Volume
5 : Pollution Control for the Melting and Foundry Enterprises
Volume
6 : Pollution Control for the Rubber Processing Enterprises
Volume
7 : Pollution Control for the Food Processing Enterprises
Volume
8 : Pollution Control for the Electroplating Enterprises
Volume
9 : Pollution Control for the Recycled Paper Mills.
Volume
10 : Noise and Vibration Pollution Comtrol
-
Manual on “Cleaner Production – The Matters Those You
Would Like to Know but Could not to Ask”
-
Manual on “Introduction of the Best Practices on Pollution
Control in Ho Chi Minh City”.
(2).
Organization of training courses on pollution control technologies
for the enterprise’s managers.
(3).
Establishment of the Funds for Industrial Pollution Reduction.
(4).
Preparation and approval of pollution control proposal.
(5).
Preparation and approval of fund credit proposal
(6).
Implementation of pollution control measures in the practice.
Establishment
of the funds for industrial pollution reduction and loan with low
interests are initiatives to promote the environmental technology
applications in Vietnam. At the present, there are two funds in Ho
Chi Minh City, those have been established and operated as follows :
(1).
Revolving Funds for Industrial Pollution Reduction loaned from ADB
-
Total fund : 2.5 millions USD
-
Loan for each enterprise : 300,000 USD.
-
Lending time : minimum 3 years, maximum 7 years to
reimburse, 1 year grace.
-
Lending percentage : 4% /year (in VND).
(2).
Funds for Industrial Pollution Reduction (for SMEs)
-
Total fund : 1 million USD
-
Lending time: Maximum 3 years to reimburse, 1 year
grace.
-
Lending percentage: 1.5% /year (in VND)
To ensure the
effectiveness of environmental science research and technological
development, an environmental research institution or network needs
to be established and provided with adequate resources in order to
enable to successfully undertake national level research mandates,
focus on urgently demanding issues and catalyze environmental
protection research nationwide.
3.6.
Expansion of international cooperation and attraction of foreign
financial assistance
Environmental
protection in Vietnam is closely linked to international
environmental treaties, bi- and multilateral environmental projects
and programs. Vietnam has ratified and implemented 15 International
Conventions on environment and sustainable development. Some
international cooperation projects are mentioned below:
-
Cooperation among ASEAN countries on environmental protection.
-
UNDP is working in four main areas: (1) environmental management,
which includes Agenda 21, development of environmental strategies
and capacity building and education; (2) disaster management; (3)
biodiversity; and (4) sustainable energy.
-
The Asian Development Bank is mainly engaged in CZM and a pollution
minimisation project in HCM City.
-
The World Bank has been implementing a few projects in areas of
waste water, training of DOSTE staff in Haiphong, and environmental
rating models for heavy polluters. The Bank is planning to support
the Government Environmental Protection fund with a loan in the
range of USD 15 million for five years.
-
DANIDA has programmes in areas of biodiversity, solid waste
management, Coastal Zone Management (CZM) and marine protection,
capacity development and education in cooperation with UNDP, and a
support to VEPA on environmental information and reporting. The
budget is roughly DKK 50 million per year.
-
The Netherlands is supporting integrated CZM in particular with a
focus on the impact of global warming on coastal areas.
-
Switzerland is through UNIDO funding centers for promotion of
cleaner production
-
SIDA is funding the Vietnam-Sweden Environmental Management Program
(EMP), focusing on industrial pollution control and chemical safety.
- JICA is
supporting the environmental protection projects, focusing on master
plans for drainage, solid and hazardous waste disposal, pollution
reduction in craft villages, pollution reduction in transportation
sector.
ODA in the
environmental sector reached USD 2 billion during the period
1985-2000 in Vietnam, with a rapid increase since 1996.
4.
CONCLUSION
The authors present the state of
environmental technology applications in Vietnam in the
socio-economic development sectors including urbanization,
industrialization, agriculture and rural development etc. Some
measures for environmental technology promotion have been presented
in this paper including legal framework development, building
capacity, rising of environmental education and awareness,
diversification of investment, strengthening of environmental
science research and technological development, national and
international cooperation.
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